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For seaweeds it is also important to realize secondary benefits that may ensure from their substitution as products or in their application. For example, in Australia pilot studies have shown that the bromoform produced within Asparagopsis species, if fed to cattle can reduce their burping methane emissions significantly- up to 40 or 50 % in some studies. Methane being 28 times more powerful a green house. And importantly supplementing the cattle feed with this seaweed has also found to significantly increase cattle production. In other words compared to before this has beneficial additionality through substitution with just a little seaweed, and not in direct proportion to its weight. It is not restricted to just human food, even for others that support their beloved pussy cats, they would be pleased to know about ongoing work and movement of product in Malaysia to show the benefits of fermented seaweed to cat food.

This list can go on, but the examples nevertheless illustrates that using seaweeds for removal of carbon dioxide directly or or as a supplement or replacement in food production should always be calculated not in isolation but from what was happening without seaweeds. Was the ecosystem or product or process a source before seaweeds made it a sink sink or less of source is the true value and I would argue could be the larger value to access seaweeds mitigation services.

Dr John Barry Gallagher

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